As it relates to economics, Gilboa et al. (2022) have an interesting definition of a work's methodological status. Below are some articles, books, and slides that might fit.

Articles

Cost of Production and Price Over Long and Short Periods by Frank H. Knight
The Use of Knowledge in Society by Friedrich A. Hayek
The Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk by Milton Friedman & Leonard J. Savage
Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory by Armen A. Alchian
A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare by Kenneth J. Arrow
Bandwagon and Underdog Effects and the Possibility of Election Predictions by Herbert A. Simon
The Predictability of Social Events by Emilie Grunberg & Franco Modigliani
Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care by Kenneth J. Arrow
The Methodology of Positive Economics by Milton Freidman
Irrational Behavior and Economic Theory by Gary S. Becker
Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique by Robert E. Lucas
Equilibirum in Competitve Insurance Markets by Michael Rothschild & Joseph Stiglitz
Identification of Endogenous Social Effects: The Reflection Problem by Charles F. Manski
Falsifiability by Wojciech Olzewski & Alvaro Sandroni
A Model of Scientific Communication by Isaiah Andrews & Jesse M. Shapiro

Books

War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
Risk, Uncertainty and Profit by Frank H. Knight
Human Action (vol. 1) by Ludwig Von Mises
The Logic of Scientific Discovery by Karl R. Popper
Statistical Decision Functions by Abraham Wald
Statistical Decision Theory by James O. Berger
Identification for Prediction and Decision by Charles F. Manski
Theory of Decision Under Uncertainty by Itzhak Gilboa
Robustness by Lars Peter Hansen and Thomas J. Sargent

Slides

Models, Measurement, and the Language of Empirical Economics by Phil Haile
Model-Based, or Design-Based? by David Card

Methodology Readings

Articles

Books

Slides